Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Cyber Journalism Online Technologies Essay - 2136 Words
Madhavi Marasini MJMC 2 CYBER JOURNALISM: Online Technologies The twentieth century has witnessed an unprecedented revolution in the field of information and communication technologies. The accelerated development of computers, the internet and wireless communication have had a profound impact on the economic and social relations of the whole world. The explosion of the new ICTs are bringing down, day after day, the barriers of space and time, as these technologies enter into the many aspects of our everyday existence, substantially altering our ways of life. In the field of media and journalism, these new possibilities are changing the methods by which information was processed and enlarging the sphere of its dissemination. Cyber journalism is a new medium evolving from other traditional news media, and traditional media must change to accommodate the new medium or be replaced by them. It brings in fresh competition to other media, even forcing changes in content. The web technology has strengthened the tr aditional watchdog functions of journalism by giving reporters efficient ways to probe more deeply for information. Today, growing numbers of journalists use the World Wide Web a s a reporting tool with considerable enthusiasm. The computerization of editorial work has had a revolutionary impact on the techniques of journalism, creating new jobs and changing old ones. The computerization of editorial work has had a revolutionary impact on the techniques ofShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying Is Not A New Phenomenon1704 Words à |à 7 Pagesancient times to present day, bullying has always taken place. It may be delivered physically, verbally, and now even digitally. In this paper, I will focus on the relatively new facet of digital bullying known as cyber bullying compared to conventional forms that took place over the ages. Cyber bullying takes place with different technological devices and social media platforms. As the world benefits from countless technological developments and improvements, we are now forced to monitor and controlRead MoreOnline Journalism and the New Media; Implications for Manà ¡Ã ¦S Social Development2777 Words à |à 12 PagesINTRODUCTION The new media announces a new period of media development in the world over, it is the one that preaches the significance of new communications technologies. The new media is not just a kind of information technology but also part and parcel of the social being of man in this modern society. At the threshold of this fairly new millennium (2000 A.D.), there was a sporadic turn-around in the existing branches of the global media. This catapulted the world into a new information orderRead MoreEssay about Cyber Bullying and Hate Speech1161 Words à |à 5 Pageswhich provide us the ability to express ourselves on the internet and more importantly in writing. Good, bad and ugly words are forever imprinted online, particularly on social media. With social media sites and technology making improvements in leaps and bounds, we excitedly work to keep up. New laws are being crafted to protect us from hate speech and cyber bullying. A younger generation are drawn to social media and have the ability to connect to friend and (perhaps) foes. Kids may take to the webRead MoreThe Invention Of An Innocent Device1071 Words à |à 5 Pagesmedia tools like Facebook and Twitter give ordinary citizen ââ¬Å"opportunity for the public to express an opinion, contribute knowledge, and engage in debate with other social media users. This online freedom and universal access has given rise to a sort of online journalism, more commonly referred to as citizen journalism.â⬠As professional journalist cannot be at all places all the time, especially at the time of emergency and disasters, it is the ordinary citizen journalists that happen to be at the locationRead MoreHow New Media Can Not Be Easily Defined And The Term Changes Daily1566 Words à |à 7 PagesNew Media cannot be easily defined and the term changes daily. It involves anything that is related to the internet and the relationship between technology, images, and sound. It is something that is vastly used in our generation and used throughout the world. New media has completely changed the way people lived and continues to evolve daily. Before there was ever a term called new media, old media or print media was flourishing in our society. Print media includes anything light and portableRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1681 Words à |à 7 PagesWe are living in the 21st century and technology began to change very promptly. After the Supercomputers had introduced in the 1960s, scientists and engineers started to develop the networks between those supercomputers, and later they discovered the internet, which is a global communication device where people all around the world can meet and talk about pretty much anything. The development of the internet age has enabled people to inhabit a life at a faster speed. In todayââ¬â¢s society, many peopleRead MoreSocial Media and the Law1571 Words à |à 7 Pageshave abounded, particularly in relation to the freedom of speech. From cases defining obscenity to those allowing for expression, the meaning of the freedom of speech has changed greatly through the ye ars. Similarly, so has the freedom of press. As technology evolves ââ¬â from the first printing press to Google Glass ââ¬â so too does the media. New media calls for new laws and precedents, and social media has been no exception. The rapid pace and wide-spread accessibility of the internet and social media hasRead MoreHistorical Evolution and Development of the Various Mass Media970 Words à |à 4 Pagesform of media that uses electronics or electromechanical energy in order for its viewer to receive the content. Electronic media sources most commonly used by most people are audio and video recordings, multimedia and slide presentations, disk, and online content. The newest and most common form of electric media is in the form of digital media. The rise in electronic media can be dated back to the 1960ââ¬â¢s. In 1968, the U.S. Department of Defense created a network to where different computers couldRead MoreDouglass Rushkoffs Present Shock: When Everything Happens Now1 151 Words à |à 5 PagesNow, Douglass Rushkoff discusses his interpretation of the relationship of society and rapidly evolving technology. He believes that as technology progresses, society becomes increasingly dependent on it and eventually loses touch with the traditional sense of time and reality. Through the book Rushkoff makes several insightful observations about the development of society and how technologies were often the driving force behind these ââ¬Å"Present Shocks.â⬠Rushkoff uses five main ideas to defend hisRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On The Economy And Society Operates2455 Words à |à 10 PagesJournalism is a form of writing that informs public about things that already happened in our life. It is a practice of examining and reporting issues, events and trends to the media such as print and broadcast media. It is not only presenting the news of the day of a city or a country, but telling meaningful stories about what is new or is happening around us, understanding it and explaining it to others (Michael et al., 2012). The people who write journalism, gather news and information for mass
External Administrator and Fundraising-Free-Samples-Myassignment
Questions: 1.Advise Bob, Brad and Mary as to their options under the external administration procedures under the Corporations Act. 2.Advise United Industries Ltd on the legal issues arising out of these facts, citing ful l authority for your answer. Answers: 1.External Administration 1.The provision of the External Administration is an important term in the Corporation Act. Sometimes it has been observed that the company has failed to pay the money to the shareholders or unable to meet the debts. This position can be described as the financial difficulties. This situation will lead the company towards insolvency or liquidation. External administrators are appointed to assess the assets of the company. The Corporation Act 2001 regulates the provision of the external administration. External administration can be divided into three parts- administration, receivership and liquidation. Creditors are getting involved in case of external administration. There are two types of external administration such as the voluntary administration and the involuntary administration. Voluntary administration takes place when the director of the company by himself opted for appointed administrator. When the other authority appoints administrator, it will be treated as involuntary administrators. External administrators are appointed when a company become insolvent or failed to pay the debt to its shareholders. The main objective of this mechanism is to trade the company out of the trouble. However, if the administrators could not remove the trouble, the administrator regarding the immediate liquidation will make an attempt. In the present case, it has been observed that the company named Coco Pty Ltd had failed to repay all the debts and it has been observed that the company had failed to pay the bills also. The cash flows of the company have also compelled to increase due to the non-payment of the money. Another problem regarding the company has been cropped up when the employees of the company has been started agitation for the hike of payment. It has also been observed that East bank Ltd had threatened to appoint receiver to tackle the problem if the company continues to non-repayment of debts and the monthly interest of the bank. According to section 435A of the Corporation Act, the process of external administration helps the company to pay the debts without winding up the company. however, if there is no other choice except liquidation, following process will follow the provision of section 461 (1) (k) of the Corporation Act 2001. Considering the facts of the case, it can be stated that the managing directors of the company can opted for the appointment of voluntary administrators in this case. The main reason of the same is that the financial condition of the company is not good. It has been observed that the company has failed to meet the minimum economic requirements and the employees of the company are not getting their remuneration in time. The cash flows of the company have also been increased as the company had regularly failed to pay the debts in time. The administrator will assess the debts requirement of the company and then sell or liquidate the debts and pay the debts. The aftermath effect of the liquidation is the wind up. However, it can be stated that deregistration is not the only solution in this case. The company can improve its condition if negotiation can be developed in between the directors and the creditors. 2.Fundraising: In this case, it has been observed that the United Industries Corporation Ltd has issued certain shares for the development of their hotel business and it has been observed that they had made certain promises to the shareholders and obtained money from Bob Broke. On the subsequent event, it has been observed that the accountant of the hotel company has given inaccurate information and overstated the assets of the company. it has also been found that the Liquor licence of the hotel is also pending before the State Licensing Board. Therefore, they had unable to serve liquor to the customer and failed to gain profit. In this way, many investors had lost their money. Certain legal issues are cropped up in this case. Chapter 6D of the Corporation Act deals with the securities chapter and includes shares and debentures. The promise made by the company to the investors is not complete in nature. Much information have been hidden and false declaration has been given to the investors. This ac t attracts the provision of section 267 of the Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth). It has been observed that the managing director of the company had offered to buy the share of his company to Bob under section 700 (2) and Bob had accepted the offer. Therefore, it can be said that contract has been made in between the them. Therefore, if any of the statement of the contract held false, the other party has full right to cancel or terminate the terms of the contract. Besides that, the defective documents of the Hotel Company had attracted the provision of section 728 of the Corporation Act. Bob can make complaint before the Australian Security and Investments Commission. He may ask for disclosing the document and make an application under section 718 of the Corporation Act 2001.
Monday, April 20, 2020
There were many motives that impelled European nat Essay Example For Students
There were many motives that impelled European nat Essay ions to embark on overseas exploration from the fifteenth century onward. Each of these reasons was slightly different depending on the nation but one thing is for certain; overseas exploration provided vast opportunities and riches for those who dared to voyage into the unknown.The Portuguese had a need for better land. The agriculture opportunities in Portugal were poor and better land was available overseas in the Atlantic islands and Muslim territories. Prince Henry the Navigator took up the task of overtaking these lands. During this time Henry became interested in the profit that could be earned through trade. Eventually, the Portuguese opened a new trade in such things as slaves and gold. After signing the Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal gained control of all lands to the east of a boundary that lied about 300 miles west of the Azores. This allowed Portugal to retain the only practical route to India. By 1513 Portugal had trading posts beyond India into the Spice Islands. We will write a custom essay on There were many motives that impelled European nat specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Spain had many of the same ambitions that Portugal did. However, after many voyages including those of Columbus and Magellan, Spain realized that Portugal had the fastest way to the East and the goods that were located there. Therefore, Spain devoted its attention toward the Americas. It turned out that this move revealed the great riches that the Americas had to offer. The birth of the conquistadors brought about a period of overtaking America in order to gain wealth, land, and glory. Hernando Cortes overtook the Aztecs of Mexico in nearly two years thanks to the superstitions of the Aztecs that he exploited. He only had an army of 600 troops and a few weapons but it was intelligence that won this victory. It didnt take long for Spain to establish themselves in the Americas and too take advantage of the riches they had to offer. For example, in 1545 a lode of silver was discovered in Bolivia, which brought great wealth to Spain. Although Spain and Portugal led the age of exploration, England, France, and Holland soon followed with expeditions to the Americas and Asia. Their motives were nearly the same as Portugal and Spain with wealth being a driving force. After these powerful European nations took over these new lands they formed new colonies, and, despite the great dangers of sea travel, people readily boarded ships in search of a better life. Many came in hope of becoming rich. Others, particularly the clergy, came to preach and spread the word of god to the natives who were unfamiliar with Christianity. Others still, came because they were simply following orders. These people were normally talented in an area and they came to receive more power and wealth for these traits. As well as those who chose to voyage overseas there were also those who were desperate. Partly in thanks to the population increase, there were many more homeless people than before and these people sought a better life, which meant leaving their native country. There were also those who were of religious minority, and because of the need for settlers, nations such as England and France allowed those of the minority to practice their own religions overseas witho ut fear of persecution; to a certain extent of course. Technologically, many new advances aided in the success of the various explorations. For example, new sails were put on ships that adopted the Arabs lateen sails idea and combined them with the previous sails achieving good speed and maneuverability. Ships were also armed with cannons after realizing that cannons were much more beneficiary than soldiers were; at least at sea. Also established, was the method of traveling in fleets instead of single ships. This gave the fleets much more safety and firepower compared to one single ship. .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 , .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 .postImageUrl , .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 , .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25:hover , .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25:visited , .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25:active { border:0!important; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25:active , .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25 .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc77a8f89c54a6c64060f5ce95679db25:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Kill A Mockingbird3 EssayAs time progressed new ideas and thoughts were established that enhanced explorations and changed the view of the world at that time. Original pioneers in exploration such as Columbus and Magellan paved the way for the gain of wealth and colonization overseas and even today men like these are regarded as heroes.
Sunday, March 15, 2020
Breaking Up Essays - Social Psychology, Interpersonal Relationships
Breaking Up Essays - Social Psychology, Interpersonal Relationships Breaking Up Some felt they were a modern day Romeo and Juliet. The reality, however, is that they were a heartbreaking example of what can go wrong with adolescents. Christian Dalvia, 14 and Maryling Flores, 13 were sweethearts who were forbidden by Flores? mother to see each other. In early November, 1995, the young couple met one last time. Standing at the edge of a Florida canal, they joined hands and jumped 15 feet into the cold, murky water to their deaths. Their deaths may sound romantic to some love struck teenagers when, in actuality, it?s just plain stupid. There were probably many other reasons for their deaths, but ultimately, the thought of not being together tortured to the point of wanting to take their own lives. This is a very extreme example of what can go wrong with teenage heartbreak. One minute they?re inseperable - sharing their most intimate thoughts and details - the next minute they are faces across a crowded room or polite acquaintances at best. These are the consequences that come along with a breakup. We teens hear about love all around us, in music and movies, on TV, in stories. If you look in the dictionary, they define love as a tender, warm feeling; warm liking; affection; attachment. Love is simply a choice we make when we find someone who makes us happy, and who we trust with our innermost thoughts and feelings. We hear that love will make us happy. We hear that single people are lonely. We are told that if we are not part of a couple, we are not complete. We all want to be part of this thing called ?love?. Okay, we get a boyfriend or girlfriend, now everything should be perfect. But, it?s not perfect, because life never is. It is easy to become disappointed. Feelings can change. One person may decide to say good-bye. When that happens, the one left behind will feel rejected. Rejection means someone choosing between one thing and another. The one who doesn?t get chosen is rejected. This person who feels rejected thinks as if they are not good enough. It hurts. When the person you love decides to leave you, it is even more painful. Does rejection mean failure? No. The end of a relationship means that the boyfriend or girlfriend decided that s/he wanted a change in the path of their lives. The reasons for this are within the ex - not within the rejected person. No one is a less valuable person because their boyfriend or girlfriend?s feelings have changed. What To Expect According to the book, ?The Complete Idiots Guide To Dating?, there are nine stages of rejection that almost all ?dumpees? must go through. The pain may be awful, but each stage is part of the healing process. The stages may not follow in an exact order, but they will all be experienced. The Denial Phase: ?This can?t be happening.? During this stage, people may find themselves waiting for the phone to ring and not believing that the relationship is over. Some people may go through feelings of worthlessness and obsession. These people are ones who lack coping skills. Solution: Acknowledge your feelings about what has happened. Accept, but do not dwell on shame and embarrassment, and all the ?shouldal/woulda/coulda?s?. The Bargaining Phase: Driving yourself crazy, thinking that, ?If I get my hair cut,? or ?If I don?t call her for a week,? s/he will change his/her mind. Solution: Accept that it?s over. The Loneliness Phase: Feeling as if no one understands or cares. Some people will jump at the first person who shows the slightest interest in them, just for the fact of proving that they can still get someone to want them. Solution: Surround yourself with people who do care, and those who openly say so. Remind yourself often that you are loved. The Heartbreak Phase: Feeling like your heart is really breaking. You may even feel pain in your chest, or want to throw up when you think of the person or see the person with someone else. Solution: You can go on. If you?re feeling really bad, snap your fingers to interrupt the thought. The Blame Phase: Pointing the finger at you or at your ex for what each of you did wrong. Solution: Decide that neither of you are at fault and both of you are responsible for the breakup. The Depression Phase: Feeling sad, worthless, and foolish. You have trouble eating and sleeping and you may imagine you?ll never love again. Solution: Allow yourself to feel pain but
Friday, February 28, 2020
Compare and contrast two theories of child development. Drawing upon Essay
Compare and contrast two theories of child development. Drawing upon your study and research , justify your preference for one - Essay Example But, some organisations use the term infant from birth to age of three. Increased research and interest in the field of child development has resulted in new theories and strategies. But, among all these, theories proposed by Piaget and Vygotsky are most popular. Developmental stages In a new born child, process of connecting the nerve cells are rapid during the first 18 months, and sound, smell, sight, taste, and touch are the ways baby learn about the world. As babies learn to sit up, crawl, stand and then walk, the possibilities quickly expand, and are ready to experiment with toys and other materials. Generally the brain of the toddler is twice as active as adult, and during the period between 18 months to three years, structures of the brain that is sensitive to language and social emotional response develop.à The age between three to six years is the fastest growth period for the frontal lobe networks in a child, and the actions such as memory, processing, and problem solvin g are increasing during this period. During the preschool years, imagination and interaction play starting roles (Child Development Institute, 2010).à In the age of six to nine years, children are in the primary grades, and have gotten the hang of basic dexterity, language, and social skills. During this period they are eager to practice and refine them, and they like to challenge themselves, intellectually, with puzzles and games that test their growing knowledge. The maturation of the frontal lobe continues even in the adolescence period which falls from the age of nine to fourteen years.à During this age emotional regulation becomes greater, spatial working memory improves, speed and efficiency of thought increases, planning and problem solving skills increase, and scientific reasoning and ability to understand one's own thinking develops (Child Development Institute, 2010).à Piaget theory Piagetââ¬â¢s view of how childââ¬â¢s mind work and develop has been enormousl y influential, especially in educational theory. As he says, children cannot take certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. According to Piaget, the mental development of a child is purely internal, individualist, and self directed. For understanding something new, child must construct it itself, and have to re-invent it. Whenever we teach something to the child he/she keep from inventing it itself (Ginsbury, H. Opper, S, 1979). Piaget Cognitive Development Stages. Source: Child Development Institute Almost all child progress through four different stages and they are all very distinct stages regard to cognitive development. The first stage is sensor motor, second stage is preoperational, third one is concrete operational and fourth one is formal operational. This is popularly known as Piagetââ¬â¢s stage theory as it deals with four stages of development (ECheat.com, 2005). The first stage in the childââ¬â¢s cognitive development is sensor motor. It occurs from birth to the age of two. During this period the child basically deals with what is presented to it, and learn about physical objects and is concerned with motor skills and the consequences of some of their actions. So, in this stage child would learn the concept of object permanence. The preoperational stage is the second stage of cognitive develop
Tuesday, February 11, 2020
A five paragraph essay (introduction, three body paragraphs, Research Paper
A five paragraph essay (introduction, three body paragraphs, conclusion) discussing how Bernard Shaw accurately depicted his era in Pygmalion - Research Paper Example The play Pygmalion gives an illustration of the differences and the tensions between the lower and the upper class. There was a general belief in that era that an individual is born into a particular class and the individual cannot move from one class to the other. Bernard Shaw believed that an individualââ¬â¢s personality is not determined by birth. Instead, Shaw had the thought that someone can accomplish social change if he or she can believe in themselves. In the play, the obstacles between the classes are not natural and they can be broken. Alfred Doolittle and Eliza live in deplorable conditions and they give a representation of the working class. The scenarios that happen to Eliza and her father indicate the Shawââ¬â¢s belief that individuals are capable of improving their lives by their efforts, but they have to take into consideration the changes in their character. Thus, it is not absurd to note that the difference between the flower girl and the lady lies in the lady ââ¬â¢s treatment rather than her behavior. THE FLOWER GIRL [protesting] Whos trying to deceive you? I called him Freddy or Charlie same as you might yourself if you was talking to a stranger and wished to be pleasant. [She sits down beside her basket].â⬠(Classic Reader 1). ââ¬Å"DOOLITTLE [unabashed] Canââ¬â¢t afford them, Governor. Neither could you if you was as poor s me. Not that I mean any harm, you know. But if Liza is going to have a bit out of this, why not me too?â⬠(The EServer Drama Collection 1). Similarly, Doolittle expresses the difficulty in changing oneââ¬â¢s entire personality. When he acquires wealth, he conforms to the ways of the upper class and fears to be associated with the lower class. Instead of the depicted development, an individual is supposed to create his or her own personal and flexible behavior code. The upper class regards wealth and background as
Friday, January 31, 2020
Indigenous Australians Study - Groups Experiencing Inequality Essay Example for Free
Indigenous Australians Study Groups Experiencing Inequality Essay 517,000 people or 2. 5% of the total Australian population is ATSI. In 2006, the ATSI population had a median age of 21 years compared with 37 years for the non-Indigenous population. In June 2006, 32% of ATSIââ¬â¢s people living in major cities, 43% in regional areas, and 25% in remote areas. MORTALITY Life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men is 67. 2 years where for non-indigenous men it is 78. 7 years. For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, their life expectancy is 72. 9 years and 82. 6 years for non-Indigenous women Male Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant mortality in the Northern Territory was about 15 deaths per 1,000 live births, while female Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant mortality was 12 deaths per 1,000. For non-Indigenous males the rate was 4. 4 deaths per 1,000 births and for females it was 3. 3 deaths per 1,000 The main causes of death is diseases of the circulatory system (668 or 25. 7%), Neoplasms (495 or 19. 0%), External causes of mortality (353 or 13. 6%) and Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (251 or 9. 7%) accounted for just over two-thirds (68. 0%) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander deaths. MORBIDITY Main causes of poor health: â⬠¢Asthma â⬠¢Heart and circulatory problems/diseases â⬠¢Hearing loss and diseases of the ear â⬠¢Diabetes â⬠¢Kidney Disease Asthma was reported by around one in seven Indigenous Australians (15%) in 2004-05 ATSI people were 1. 6 times more likely to report asthma as non-Indigenous people. Asthma was reported almost twice as often in non-remote areas (17%) as in remote areas (9%) with ATSIââ¬â¢s. Indigenous people were 1. 3 times more likely than non-Indigenous people to report heart disease and/or circulatory problems Around one in eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (12%) reported ear diseases and/or hearing problems in 2004-05, compared to 15% reported in 2001 In 2004-05, half the adult Indigenous population (50%) were current daily smokers. Indigenous adults are more than twice as likely as non-Indigenous adults to be current daily smokers. In 2004-05, around half of all Indigenous adults (49%) reported having consumed alcohol in the week prior to interview, of whom one-third (16%) reported drinking at risky/high risk levels. The sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants. Indigenous people are generally less healthy than other Australians, have lower life expectancy, higher levels of disability and a lower quality of life. The contributors to their poorer levels of health include: SOCIOCULTURAL DETERMINANTS Cultural divisions and conflicts since the European settlement -In 2008 only 19% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15 years and over and 13% of children (3ââ¬â14 years) spoke an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander language. -In 2008, almost one-third (31%) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 3ââ¬â14 years spent at least one day a week with an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leader or elder. -More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are identifying with a clan, tribal or language group, increased from 54% in 2002 to 62% in 2008 Social factors ATSI reported sense of ââ¬Ëloss of control of their own livesââ¬â¢ due to communal approaches to family, remoteness of communities and incompatibility with educational institutions and legal systems. 2008 AIHW emphasises that these social determinants clearly increase the likelihood of exposure to health risk factors such as: -Tobacco use ââ¬â 50% of ATSI, twice as high as non-ATSI -Alcohol consumption ââ¬â 1 in 6 reported chronic levels of risky drinking -Illicit drug use ââ¬â twice the amount of reported illicit drug use SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS -The 1981 National Population and Housing Census indicated that the annual Aboriginal income per head was approximately one-half of that of the Australian population as a whole. -Lower incomes in ATSI relative to non-ATSI still persist, in 2006 median household incomes was only 55% of non-ATSI -More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people completed Year 12 22% (of people aged 15 years and over) in 2008, up from 18% in 2002. -The unemployment rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians fell from 23% in 2002 to 17% in 2008, but remained more than three times higher than the rate for non-Indigenous Australians (5% in 2008). ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS -Most (76%) of Aboriginals live in major cities and have access to adequate health care, clean water -Remote communities are affected by water shortages and poorer health services -Communication barriers exist The roles of individuals, communities and governments in addressing the health inequities. INDIVIDUALS Individuals in groups experiencing health inequities should focus solely on being as healthy as possible in their given circumstances. This includes the control of modifiable determinants of health and the utilisation of health services that are being provided. Modifiable determinants of health include: -Diet -Exercise -Smokers status Non-modifiable determinants of health include: -Age -Gender -Culture (role models within culture, social norms within culture etc) -Socioeconomic status -Geographic location -Access to health services -Education COMMUNITIES Health care services may not be accessed due to: -Location of health services in relation to home -Cost. -Cultural barriers (if it is not something that family members have done, others may not be inclined to do it) -Time (a full-time student or mother for example may not have time to go out of their way to get screening or testing done) Some services that are provided include: -All initiatives of ââ¬ËClose the Gapââ¬â¢ program -COAG Mental Health Mental Health services in Rural and Remote Areas (MHSRRA) -Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Aged Care Workforce Employment and Training Funding -Mobile Dental Services (Closing the Gap Indigenous dental services in rural and regional areas) -Substance Use Combating Petrol Sniffing. -Northern Territory Remote Health Workforce Child Abuse Training and Development -Mobile Outreach Service (MOS) Health services aim to: -Increase life expectancy of ATSI -Provide better education opportunities for students and ensure work placement for those who attend tertiary schools to increase attendance and completion of secondary school -Increase access to health services for the benefit of prevalence and incidence of illness and disease GOVERNMENTS. Organisations in charge of the health of ATSI peoples: -The Australian Government Department of Health: Rural and Regional Health + Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health -NACCHO: The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation -AHMRC: The Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW Some health services being implemented to ATSI peoples at a government level: -Close the Gap -Healthy For Life -Strong Fathers Strong Families. -National Partnership Agreement for Indigenous Early Childhood Development (NPA IECD) -New Directions: Mothers and Babies Services Indigenous Health National Partnership Agreement 5 Priority Areas of Bettering Aboriginal Health 1. Tackling Smoking 2. Primary health care services that can deliver 3. Fixing the gaps and improving the patient journey 4. Providing a healthy transition to adulthood 5. Making Indigenous health everyoneââ¬â¢s business.
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